Nama :
Shelvyra Hilda Pratiwi
Kelas : 2EB20
Npm :
26212977
PENGERTIAN, TUJUAN, UNSUR-UNSUR dan
PRINSIP-PRINSIP KOPERASI
A. PENGERTIAN KOPERASI
Penjelasan UUD 1945
menyatakan bahwa bangunan usaha yang sesuai dengan kepribadian bangsa indonesia
adalah koperasi. Koperasi merupakan gerakan ekonomi rakyat yang dijalankan
berdasarkan asas kekeluargaan. inti dari koperasi adalah kerja sama, yaitu
kerja sama diantara anggota dan para pengurus dalam rangka mewujudkan
kesejahteraan anggota dan masyarakat serta membangun tatanan perekonomian
nasional. Sebagai gerakan ekonomi rakyat, koperasi bukan hanya milik orang kaya
melainkan juga milik oleh seluruh rakyat Indonesia tanpa terkecuali.
Berikut ini adalah landasan koperasi Indonesia yang
melandasi aktifitas koperasi di Indonesia.
- · Landasan Idiil ( pancasila )
- · Landasan Mental ( Setia kawan dan kesadaran diri sendiri )
- · Landasan Struktural dan gerak ( UUD 1945 Pasal 33 Ayat 1 )
Koperasi adalah juga gerakan yang terorganisasi yang
didorong oleh cita – cita rakyat mencapai masyarakat yang maju, adil dan makmur
seperti yang diamanatkan oleh UUD 1945 khususnya pasal 33 ayat (1) yang
menyatakan bahwa :
“Perekonomian disusun sebagai usaha bersama berdasar
atas asas kekeluargaan”. Dan “bangun perusahaan yang sesuai dengan itu ialah
koperasi”. Karena dorongan cita – cita rakyat itu, undang – undang tentang
perkoperasian No. 25 Tahun 1992 menyatakan bahwa koperasi selain badan usaha
juga adalah gerakan ekonomi rakyat.
B. TUJUAN KOPERASI
Tujuan utama koperasi adalah
mewujudkan masyarakat adil makmur material dan spiritual berdasarkan Pancasila
dan Undang – Undang Dasar 1945.
Dalam BAB II Pasal 3 Undang – undang RI No. 25 Tahun
1992, menyatakan bahwa koperasi bertujuan untuk:
“Memajukan kesejahteraan anggota pada khususnya dan
masyarakat pada umumnya serta ikut membangun tatanan perekonomian nasional
dalam rangka mewujudkan masyarakat yang maju, adil dan makmur berlandaskan
Pancasila dan Undang – undang Dasar 1945”.
Menurut Bang Hatta, tujuan koperasi bukanlah mencari
laba yang sebesar-besarnya, melainkan melayani kebutuhan bersama dan wadah
partisipasi pelaku ekonomi skala kecil.
Selanjutnya fungsi koperasi tertuang dalam pasal 4 UU
No. 25 Tahun 1992 tentang perkoperasian, yaitu:
- Membangun dan mengembangkan potensi dan kemampuan ekonomi anggota pada khususnya dan masyarakat pada umumnya untuk meningkatkan kesejahteraan ekonomi dan sosialnya.
- Berperan serta aktif dalam upaya mempertinggi kualitas kehidupan manusia dan masyarakat.
- Memperkokoh perekonomian rakyat sebagai dasar kekuatan dan ketahanan perekonomian nasional dengan koperasi sebagai gurunya.
- Berusaha untuk mewujudkan dan mengembangkan perekonomian nasional yang merupakan usaha bersama berdasar atas azas kekeluargaan dan demokrasi ekonomi.
C. PRINSIP – PRINSIP
KOPERASI
Prinsip – prinsip koperasi adalah garis –garis penuntun
yang digunakan oleh koperasi untuk melaksanakan nilai – nilai tersebut dalam
praktik.
- Prinsip pertama : keanggotaan Sukarela dan Terbuka
Koperasi – koperasi adalah perkumpulan – perkumpulan
sukarela, terbuka bagi semua orang yang mampu menggunakan jasa – jasa
perkumpulan dan bersedia menerima tanggung jawab keanggotaan, tanpa
diskriminasi jender, social, rasial, politik atau agama.
- Prisip kedua : Pengendalian oleh Anggota Secara demokratis
Koperasi – koperasi adalah perkumpulan – perkumpulan
demokratis yang dikendalikan oleh para anggota secara aktif berpartisipasi
dalam penetapan kebijakan – kebijakan perkumpulan dan mengambil keputusan
– keputusan. Pria dan wanita mengabdi sebagai wakil – wakil yang dipilih,
bertanggung jawab kepada para anggota. Dalam koperasi primer anggota – anggota
mempunyai hak – hak suara yang sama ( satu anggota, satu suara ), dan koperasi
pada tingkatan – tingkatan lain juga di atur secara demokratis.
- Prinsip ketiga : Partisipasi Ekonomi Anggota
Anggota – anggota menyumbang secara adil dan
mengendalikan secara demokrasi modal dari koperasi mereka. Sekurang – kurangnya
sebagian dari modal tersebut biasanya merupakan milik bersama dari koperasi.
Anggota – anggota biasanya menerima kompensasi yang terbatas, bilamana ada, terhadap
modal. Anggota – anggota membagi surplus – surplus untuk sesuatu atau tujuan –
tujuan sebagai berikut :
* Pengembangan koperasi – koperasi mereka
* Kemungkinan dengan membentuk cadangan sekurang –
kurangnya sebagian padanya tidak dapat dibagi – bagi
* Pemberian manfaat kepada anggota – anggota sebanding
dengan transaksi – transaksi mereka dengan koperasi
* Mendukung kegiatan – kegiatan yang disetujui oleh
anggota
- Prinsip keempat : Otonomi Dan Kebebasan
Koperasi – koperasi bersifat otonom, merupakan perkumpulan
– perkumpulan yang menolong diri sendiri dan dikendalikan oleh anggota –
anggotanya. Koperasi – koperasi mengadakan kesepakatan –kesepakatan
dengan perkumpulan – perkumpulan lain, termasuk pemerintah, atau memperoleh
modal dari sumber – sumber luar, dan hal itu dilakukan dengan persyaratan –
persyaratan yang menjamin adanya pengendalian anggota – anggota serta
dipertahankannya ekonomi koperasi.
- Prinsip kelima : Pendidikan, Pelatihan, dan Informasi
Koperasi – koperasi menyelenggarakan pendidikan dan
pelatihan bagi anggota – anggotanya, para wakil yang dipilih, manajer dan
karyawan, sehingga mereka dapat memberikan sumbangan yang efektif bagi
perkembangan koperasi – koperasi mereka. Mereka memberi informasi kepada
masyarakat umum, khususnya orang – orang muda pemimpin – pemimpin opini
masyarakat mengenai sifat dan kemanfaatan – kemanfaatan kerjasama.
- Prinsip keenam : Kerjasama diantara Koperasi
Koperasi – koperasi akan dapat memberikan pelayanan
paling efektif kepada para anggota dan memperkuat gerakan koperasi dengan cara
bekerja sama melalui struktur – struktur local, nasional, regional, dan
internasional.
- Prinsip ketujuh : Kepedulian Terhadap Komunitas
Koperasi – koperasi bekerja bagi pembangunan yang
berkesinambungan dari komunikasi – komunitas mereka melalui kebijakan –
kebijakan yang disetujui oleh anggota – anggotanya.
Beberapa prinsip – prinsip koperasi yang didapatkan
dari berbagai sumber, sebagai berikut :
- Prinsip menurut Munkner
Hans H. Munkner menyarikan 12 prinsip koperasi yang
ditunkan dari 7 variabel gagasan umum sebagai berikut :
- 7 variabel gagasan umum :
- Menolong diri sendiri berdasarkan kesetiakawanan ( self-help based on solidarity )
- Demokrasi ( democracy )
- kekuatan modal tidak diutamakan ( neutaralited Capital )
- ekonomi ( Economy )
- Kebebasan ( Liberty )
- Keadilan ( Equity )
- Memajukan kehidupan social melalui pendidikan ( Social Advancement Through Education )
- 12 Prinsip koperasi :
- Keanggotaan bersifat sukarela (Valuntarily membership )
- Keanggotaan terbuka ( Open membership )
- Pengembangan anggota ( Member Promotion )
- Identitas sebagai pemilik dan pelanggan ( Identity of co-owners and customers )
- Manajemen dan pengawasan dilaksanakan secara demokratis (Democratic management and control)
- Koperasi sebagai kumpulan orang – orang ( Personal Cooperation)
- Modal yang berkaitan dengan aspek social tidak dibagi (Indivisible social capital)
- Efisiensi ekonomi dari perusahaan koperasi (Economic efficiency of the cooperative enterprise)
- Perkumpulan dengan sukarela ( Valuntarily association )
- Kebebasan dalam pengambilan keputusan dan penetapan tujuan (Autonomy in goal setting and the decision making)
- Pendistribusi yang adil dan merata akan hasil – hasil ekonomi (Fair and just distribution of economic result)
- Pendidikan anggota ( Member Education )
2. Prinsip menurut Rochdale ( Equitable Pioner’s Rochdale )
Prinsip – prinsip koperasi rochdale menurut bentuk dan sifat aslinya :
- Pengawasan secara demokratis ( Democratic Control )
- Keanggotaan yang terbuka ( Open membership )
- Bunga atas modal dibatasi ( a fixed or limited interest on capital )
- Pembagian sisa hasil usaha ( SHU ) kepada anggota sebanding dengan jasa masing – masing anggota ( The distribution of surplus in dividend to the members in proportion to their purchases )
- Penjualan sepenuhnya dengan tunai ( Trading strictly on a cash basis )
- Barang – barang yang dijual harus asli dan tidak dipalsukan ( Selling only pure and unadulterated goods )
- Netral terhadap politik dan agama ( Political and religious neutrality )
Prinsip – prinsip koperasi Rochdale ini selanjutnya
merupakan landasan kerja koperasi :
- Pembelian barang secara tunai
- Harga jual sama dengan harga barang pasar setempat
- Mutu barang baik, timbangan dan ukurannya benar
- Pemberian bunga atas modal dibatasi
- Keuntungan dibagi berdasarkan banyaknya pembelian
- Sebagian keuntungan dipergunakan untuk cadangan dana pendidikan, dan dana social
- Keanggotaan terbuka untuk umum, netral terhadap agama dan politik
3. Prinsip menurut Raiffeisen
Prinsip Raiffeisen adalah sebagai berikut :
- Swadaya
- Daerah kerja terbatas
- SHU untuk cadangan
- Tanggung jawab anggota tidak terbatas
- Pengurus bekerja atas dasar kesukarelaan
- Usaha hanya kepada anggota
- Keanggotaan atas dasar watak, bukan uang
Untuk itu Raiffeisen memupuk modal dari para pemilik
modal dengan bunga yang sangat rendah. Landasan dan cara kerja yang ditempuh
oleh F.W Raiffeisen adalah :
- Petani dibiasakan untuk menabung
- Adanya pengawasan terhadap pemakaian kredit
- Keanggotaan dibatasi agar antar anggota dapat saling mengenal dan dapat bekerja sama dengan baik
- Pengelolaan oleh anggota dan tidak mendapat upah
- keuntungan bersih menjadi milik bersama
Koperasi ini menjadi kredit union dan Basnk
Perkreditan Rakyat yang kemudian dikenal sebagai Bank Raiffeisen.
4. Prinsip menurut Schulze
Untuk
membentuk koperasi kredit atau Bank Tabungan Kredit adalah dengan cara :
- Membeli saham untuk menjadi anggota
- Mengumpulkan modal dari penyambung yang mau memberikan uangnya sebagai modal
- Membatasi pinjaman untuk jangka pendek
- Menetapkan wilayah kerja diperkotaan
- Menggaji para pengurus
- Membagi keuntungan kepada para anggota
Herman Schulze yang dikembangkan didaerah pinggiran
kota ( urban ). Inti prinsip Herman Schulze adalah sebagai berikut :
- Swadaya
- SHU untuk cadanan dan untuk dibagikan kepada anggotanya
- Tanggung jawab anggota terbatas
- Pengurus bekerja dengan mendapatkan imbalan
- . Usaha tidak terbatas tidak hanya untuk anggota
5. Prinsip menurut ICA ( International Cooperative Allience)
ICA ( International Cooperative alliance
) yang didirikan pada tahun 1895 merupakan organisasi gerakan koperasi yang
tertinggi didunia.
Dalam BAB IV Undang – undang NO. 12 Tahun 1967 yang
membahas asas dan sendi dasar koperasi, dimana dikatakan bahwa asas koperasi
adalah kekeluargaan dan kegotong – royongan, sednagkan dalam sendi dasar
koperasdi di antaranya dimasukan keanggotaan yang sukarela, pembagian sisa
hasil usaha diatur menurut masing – masing anggota, pembatasan bunga atas modal
dan sebagainya, yang semua ini oleh ICA dikelompokkan sebagai Cooperative
Principles.
Sidang ICA pada tahun 1966 merumuskan prinsip –
prinsip koperasi, dirinci sebagai berikut:
* Keanggotaan koperasi secara terbuka tanpa adanya
pembatasan yang dibuat – buat ( Open and voluntarily membership )
* Kepimpinan yang demokrasi atas dasar satu orang satu
suara (Democratic control – one member one vote)
* Modal menerima bunag yang terbatas, itupun bila ada
( Limited interest of capital )
* SHU dibagi tiga :
1) Sebagian untuk
cadangan
2) Sebagian untuk masyarakat
3) Sebagian untuk
dibagikan kembali kepada anggota sesuai dengan jasa masing – masing
* Semua koperasi harus melaksanakan pendidikan secara
terus menerus (Promotion of Education)
* Gerakan koperasi harus melaksanakan kerja sama yang
erat, baik di tingkat regional, nasional, maupu internasional (Intercooperative
network)
6. Prinsip menurut M.M Coady
M.M Coady mengembangkan bentuk koperasi dengan cara
mengadakan pendidikan kepada orang yang telah dewasa. Lembaga pendidikan formal
yang membantu mengembangkan koprasi tersebut adalah Coady International
Institute di Kanada.
7. Prinsip – prinsip koperasi Indonesia
* Menurut Undang – undang No.12
Yahun 1967
Jika dilihat dari sejarah perundang – undangan
koperasi Indonesia, maka sejak Indonesia merdeka sudah ada empat undang –
undang menyangkut perkoperasian, yaitu :
1) Undang – undang No.
79 Tahu 1958 tentang perkumpulan koperasi
2) Undang – undang No.
14 Tahun 1965
3) Undang – undang No.
12 Tahun 1967 tentang pokok- pokok perkoperasian
4) Undang – undang No.
25 Tahun 1992 tentang perkoperasian
Prinsip – prinsip atau sendi – sendi dasar koperasi
menurut undang – undang No. 12 tahun 1967, adalah sebagai berikut
- Sifat keanggotaannya sukarela dan terbuka untuk setiap warga Negara Indonesia
- Rapat Anggota merupakan kekuasaan tertinggi sebagai pencerminan demokrasi dalam koperasi
- Pembagian SHU diatur menurut jasa masing – masing anggota
- Adanya pembatasan bunga atas modal
- Mengembangkan kesejahteraan anggota khususnya dan masyarakat umumnya
- Usaha dan ketatalaksanaannya bersifat terbuka
- Swadaya, swakarta, dan swasembada sebagai pencerminan prinsip dasar percaya diri sendiri
* Menurut Undang – undang No. 25 Tahun 1992
Prinsip – prinsip menurut undang – undang No. 25 tahun
1992 Pasal 5 dan yang berlaku saat ini di Indonesia disebutkan prinsip koperasi
adalah sebagai berikut :
1) Keanggotaan bersifat
sukarela dan terbuka
2) Pengelolaan dilakukan
secara demokratis
3) Pembagian Sisa Hasil
Usaha ( SHU ) dilakukan secara adil sebanding dengan besarnya jasa usaha masing
– masing anggota (andil anggota tersebut dalam koperasi)
4) Pemberian balas jasa
terhadap modal terbatas
5) Kemandirian
6) Pendidikan
perkoperasian
7) Kerjasama antar
koperasi
Unsur Koperasi Indonesia :
•
Koperasi adalah Badan Usaha (Business Enterprise)
•
Koperasi adalah kumpulan orang-orang
dan atau badan-badan hokum koperasi
•
Koperasi Indonesia koperasi yang bekerja berdasarkan
“prinsip-prinsip koperasi”
•
Koperasi Indonesia adalah “Gerakan Ekonomi Rakyat”
•
Koperasi Indonesia “berazaskan kekeluargaan”
KOPERASI SEBAGAI BADAN USAHA
1. PENGERTIAN BADAN USAHA
Badan usaha atau perusahaan adalah
suatu organisasi yang mengkombinasikan dan mengorganisasikan sumber-sumber daya
untuk tuuan memproduksi atau menghasilkan barang-barang dan jasa untuk dijual.
2. KOPERASI
SEBAGAI BADAN USAHA
Koperasi adalah badan usaha (UU No.25 tahun 1992). Sebagai badan usaha,
koperasi tetap tunduk terhadap kaidah-kaidah perusahaan dan prinsip –prinsip
ekonomi yang berlaku. Dengan mengacu pada konsepsi system yang bekerja pada
suatu badan usaha, maka koperasi sebagai badan usaha juga bearti merupakan
kombinasi dari manusia, asset-aset fisik dan non fisik, informasi, dan
teknologi.
Ciri utama koperasi yang
membedakannya dengan badan usaha lainnya (non koperasi) adalah posisi anggota.
Dalam UU No. 25 tahun 1992 tentang perkoperasian disebutkan bahwa,
anggota koperasi adalah pemilik dan sekaligus pengguna jasa koperasi.
3. TUJUAN
DAN NILAI PERUSAHAAN
Prof William F. Glueck (1984), pakar manajemen terkemuka dari Universitas
Gerogia dalam bukunya strategy Manajemne And Busssines Policy, 2nd ed,
mendefinisikan tujuan perusahaan sebagai hasil terakhir yang dicari organisasi
melalui eksistensi dan operasinya.
Selanjutnya, Glueck menjelaskan 4
alasan mengapa perusahaan harus mempunyai tujuan.
- Tujuan membantu mendefinisikan organisasi dalam lingkungannya
- Tujuan membantu mengkoordinasi keputusan dan pengambilan keputusan
- Tujuan menyediakan norma untuk menilai pelaksanaa prestasi organisasi
- Tujuan merupakan sasaran yang lebih nyata daripada pernyataan misi.
Dalam merumuskan tujuan perusahaan,
perlu diperhatikan keseimbangan kepentingan dari berbagai pihak yang terlibat
dalam perusahaan, tujuan perusahaan tidak terbatas pada pemenuhan kepentingan
manajemne seperti memaksimumkan keuntungan taupun efisiensi, tetapi juga harus
mempertimbangkan kepentingan pemilik, modal, pekerja, konsumen, pemasok
(suppliers), lingkungan, masyarakat , dan pemerintah.
http://arievaldo.wordpress.com/2011/10/03/pengertian-tujuan-dan-prinsip-prinsip-koperasi/
PENGERTIAN, TUJUAN, UNSUR-UNSUR dan
PRINSIP-PRINSIP KOPERASI
A. UNDERSTANDING COOPERATION
Explanation of the 1945 Constitution states that the building business in accordance with the Indonesian national identity is cooperative. Cooperative is an economic movement that is run based on the principle of kinship. the core of the cooperative is cooperative, ie cooperation among members and administrators in order to realize the welfare of its members and the community as well as build the national economy. As an economic movement, the cooperative is not only owned by the rich but also owned by the people of Indonesia without exception.
Explanation of the 1945 Constitution states that the building business in accordance with the Indonesian national identity is cooperative. Cooperative is an economic movement that is run based on the principle of kinship. the core of the cooperative is cooperative, ie cooperation among members and administrators in order to realize the welfare of its members and the community as well as build the national economy. As an economic movement, the cooperative is not only owned by the rich but also owned by the people of Indonesia without exception.
Here is a cooperative basis underlying the Indonesian
cooperative activities in Indonesia.
• idiil Platform (Pancasila)
• Mental Platform (Faithful friend and self awareness)
• Structural Basis and motion (UUD 1945 Article 33 Paragraph 1)
Cooperatives are also organized movement which is driven by ideals - ideals people reaching advanced society, just and prosperous as mandated by the 1945 Constitution, particularly Article 33 paragraph (1) which states that:
"The economy is structured as a joint venture based on the principle of kinship". And "woke up in accordance with the company that is co-operative". Encouraged ideals - ideals that the people, law - law on cooperatives No..25 of 1992 states that in addition to cooperative enterprises are also popular economic movement.
• idiil Platform (Pancasila)
• Mental Platform (Faithful friend and self awareness)
• Structural Basis and motion (UUD 1945 Article 33 Paragraph 1)
Cooperatives are also organized movement which is driven by ideals - ideals people reaching advanced society, just and prosperous as mandated by the 1945 Constitution, particularly Article 33 paragraph (1) which states that:
"The economy is structured as a joint venture based on the principle of kinship". And "woke up in accordance with the company that is co-operative". Encouraged ideals - ideals that the people, law - law on cooperatives No..25 of 1992 states that in addition to cooperative enterprises are also popular economic movement.
B. PURPOSE COOPERATIVE
The main goal is to realize a cooperative material and just and prosperous society based on Pancasila and the spiritual - 1945 .
In Chapter II, Article 3 of Law - Law No. . 25 of 1992 , states that the cooperative aims to :
" To promote the welfare of members in particular and the society in general and to help build the national economy in order to realize an advanced society , just and prosperous based on Pancasila and the Constitution - Constitution of 1945 " .
According to Bang Hatta , the purpose is not for profit cooperative profusely , but to serve the needs of joint and container participation of small-scale economic actors .
Further cooperative functions stipulated in Article 4 of Law . 25 of 1992 on cooperatives , namely :
• Build and develop the potential and ability of member economies in particular and society in general to improve the economic and social welfare .
• Participate actively in efforts to enhance the quality of human life and society .
• Strengthening the economy of the people as the basis of the strength and resilience of the national economy with the cooperative as a teacher .
• Trying to establish and develop the national economy which is a joint venture based on the principle of kinship and economic democracy .
The main goal is to realize a cooperative material and just and prosperous society based on Pancasila and the spiritual - 1945 .
In Chapter II, Article 3 of Law - Law No. . 25 of 1992 , states that the cooperative aims to :
" To promote the welfare of members in particular and the society in general and to help build the national economy in order to realize an advanced society , just and prosperous based on Pancasila and the Constitution - Constitution of 1945 " .
According to Bang Hatta , the purpose is not for profit cooperative profusely , but to serve the needs of joint and container participation of small-scale economic actors .
Further cooperative functions stipulated in Article 4 of Law . 25 of 1992 on cooperatives , namely :
• Build and develop the potential and ability of member economies in particular and society in general to improve the economic and social welfare .
• Participate actively in efforts to enhance the quality of human life and society .
• Strengthening the economy of the people as the basis of the strength and resilience of the national economy with the cooperative as a teacher .
• Trying to establish and develop the national economy which is a joint venture based on the principle of kinship and economic democracy .
C. PRINCIPLES - COOPERATIVE PRINCIPLES
Principle - the principle of cooperation is the guiding lines that are used by the cooperative to implement value - value in practice .
• First Principle : Voluntary and Open Membership
Cooperative - is a cooperative association - a voluntary association , open to all who are able to use the services - services associations and be willing to accept responsibilities of membership, without gender , social , racial , political or religious .
• Principle Two: In democratic control by members
Cooperative - is a cooperative association - association democratically controlled by the members actively participate in setting policies - policies and societies make decisions - decisions . Men and women serving as representatives - elected representatives , responsible to the members . In primary cooperatives members - members have the right - equal voting rights ( one member , one vote ) , and cooperatives at the level - the other tiers also be set democratically .
Principle - the principle of cooperation is the guiding lines that are used by the cooperative to implement value - value in practice .
• First Principle : Voluntary and Open Membership
Cooperative - is a cooperative association - a voluntary association , open to all who are able to use the services - services associations and be willing to accept responsibilities of membership, without gender , social , racial , political or religious .
• Principle Two: In democratic control by members
Cooperative - is a cooperative association - association democratically controlled by the members actively participate in setting policies - policies and societies make decisions - decisions . Men and women serving as representatives - elected representatives , responsible to the members . In primary cooperatives members - members have the right - equal voting rights ( one member , one vote ) , and cooperatives at the level - the other tiers also be set democratically .
• Third Principle : Member Economic Participation
Members - members contribute equitably and democratically control the capital of their cooperative . At - least part of that capital is usually the common property of the cooperative . Members - members usually receive limited compensation , if any, on capital . Members - members of dividing surplus - a surplus for something or goals - goals as follows :
* Development of cooperatives - their cooperative
* Possibility to form a reserve of at - least partially to her can not be shared - for
* Provision of benefits to members - members proportional to the transaction - their transactions with the cooperative
* Support activities - activities that are approved by the members
• Fourth Principle : Autonomy and Freedom
Cooperatives - cooperatives are autonomous , is an association - association who help themselves and controlled by members - members . Cooperatives - cooperative agreements entered into with the association - other associations , including governments , or raise capital from sources - external sources , and it is done with the terms - terms that ensure democratic control members - members and maintain their co-operative economy .
• Fifth Principle : Education , Training , and Information
Cooperatives - cooperatives provide education and training for members - members , the elected representatives , managers and employees so they can contribute effectively to the development of cooperatives - their cooperatives . They provide information to the general public , especially people - young people leaders - opinion leaders about the nature and benefits of cooperation.
Members - members contribute equitably and democratically control the capital of their cooperative . At - least part of that capital is usually the common property of the cooperative . Members - members usually receive limited compensation , if any, on capital . Members - members of dividing surplus - a surplus for something or goals - goals as follows :
* Development of cooperatives - their cooperative
* Possibility to form a reserve of at - least partially to her can not be shared - for
* Provision of benefits to members - members proportional to the transaction - their transactions with the cooperative
* Support activities - activities that are approved by the members
• Fourth Principle : Autonomy and Freedom
Cooperatives - cooperatives are autonomous , is an association - association who help themselves and controlled by members - members . Cooperatives - cooperative agreements entered into with the association - other associations , including governments , or raise capital from sources - external sources , and it is done with the terms - terms that ensure democratic control members - members and maintain their co-operative economy .
• Fifth Principle : Education , Training , and Information
Cooperatives - cooperatives provide education and training for members - members , the elected representatives , managers and employees so they can contribute effectively to the development of cooperatives - their cooperatives . They provide information to the general public , especially people - young people leaders - opinion leaders about the nature and benefits of cooperation.
• Sixth
Principle : Cooperation among Cooperatives
Cooperatives - cooperatives will be able to provide the most effective services to members and strengthen the cooperative movement by working together through the structure - the structure of local , national , regional , and international .
• Principle Seven: Community Care
Cooperatives - cooperatives work for the sustainable development of communication - their communities through policies - policies approved by members - members .
Some principles - the principle of cooperation is obtained from various sources , as follows :
1 . Principle according Munkner
Hans H. Munkner extracted 12 ditunkan cooperative principle of the general idea of variable 7 as follows :
• 7 variable general idea :
1 . Self-help based on solidarity ( self -help based on solidarity )
2 . Democracy ( democracy)
3 . capital strength are not prioritized ( neutaralited Capital )
4 . economy ( Economy )
5 . Freedom ( Liberty )
6 . Justice ( Equity )
7 . Advancing social life through education ( Social Advancement Through Education )
• Cooperative Principle 12 :
1 . Membership is voluntary ( Valuntarily membership )
2 . Membership is open ( open membership )
3 . Developing member ( Member Promotion )
4 . Identity as the owner and customers ( Identity of the co - owners and customers)
5 . Management and supervision of democratic management ( Democratic management and control )
6 . Cooperatives as a collection of people - people ( Personal Cooperation)
7 . Capital relating to the social aspects are not shared ( indivisible social capital )
8 . Economic efficiency of cooperative enterprises ( Economic efficiency of the cooperative enterprise )
9 . Voluntary association ( associationValuntarily )
10 . Freedom in decision-making and goal-setting ( Autonomy in the goal setting and decision making)
11 . Distributor will be fair and equitable outcomes - economic results ( fair and just distribution of economic result )
12 . Education member ( Member Education )
Cooperatives - cooperatives will be able to provide the most effective services to members and strengthen the cooperative movement by working together through the structure - the structure of local , national , regional , and international .
• Principle Seven: Community Care
Cooperatives - cooperatives work for the sustainable development of communication - their communities through policies - policies approved by members - members .
Some principles - the principle of cooperation is obtained from various sources , as follows :
1 . Principle according Munkner
Hans H. Munkner extracted 12 ditunkan cooperative principle of the general idea of variable 7 as follows :
• 7 variable general idea :
1 . Self-help based on solidarity ( self -help based on solidarity )
2 . Democracy ( democracy)
3 . capital strength are not prioritized ( neutaralited Capital )
4 . economy ( Economy )
5 . Freedom ( Liberty )
6 . Justice ( Equity )
7 . Advancing social life through education ( Social Advancement Through Education )
• Cooperative Principle 12 :
1 . Membership is voluntary ( Valuntarily membership )
2 . Membership is open ( open membership )
3 . Developing member ( Member Promotion )
4 . Identity as the owner and customers ( Identity of the co - owners and customers)
5 . Management and supervision of democratic management ( Democratic management and control )
6 . Cooperatives as a collection of people - people ( Personal Cooperation)
7 . Capital relating to the social aspects are not shared ( indivisible social capital )
8 . Economic efficiency of cooperative enterprises ( Economic efficiency of the cooperative enterprise )
9 . Voluntary association ( associationValuntarily )
10 . Freedom in decision-making and goal-setting ( Autonomy in the goal setting and decision making)
11 . Distributor will be fair and equitable outcomes - economic results ( fair and just distribution of economic result )
12 . Education member ( Member Education )
2 . According to
the principles of Rochdale( Rochdale Equitable Pioneers ' s )
Principle - the principle of cooperation and the nature of rochdale according to its original form :
1 . Democratic oversight ( Democratic Control )
2 . Membership is open ( open membership )
3 . Interest on capital is limited (a fixed or limited interest on capital )
4 . Distribution of net income ( SHU ) to members proportionate to the respective services - each member ( The distribution of surplus in dividends to the members in proportion to their purchases )
5 . Entirely with cash sales ( Trading strictly on a cash basis)
6 . Goods - goods sold must be genuine and not faked ( Selling only pure and Unadulterated goods)
7 . Neutral to politics and religion (Political and religious neutrality )
Principle - the Rochdale cooperative principles are the foundation further cooperative work :
1 . Purchase of goods for cash
2 . Selling price equal to the price of local market
3 . Good quality stuff , scales and correct size
4 . Payment of interest on capital is limited
5 . Profits divided by the number of purchases
6 . Part of the profits are used to reserve funds for education , and the social fund
7 . Membership is open to the public , neutral on religion and politics
3 . Principle according to Raiffeisen
Raiffeisen principles are as follows :
1 . Non
2 . Limited working area
3 . SHU for backup
4 . Responsibility is not limited to members
5 . Administrators to work on a voluntary basis
6 . Effort only to members
7 . Membership on the basis of character , not money
To the capital of Raiffeisen cultivate the owners of capital with very low interest . Grounding and ways of working adopted by FW Raiffeisen is :
1 . Farmers accustomed to saving
2 . Lack of oversight of the use of credit
3 . Membership is restricted to be between members can get to know each other and can work together well
4 . Management by the members and not be rewarded
5 .net profits belong together
Credit union operatives and Rural Basnk which became known as the Raiffeisen Bank .
4 . Principle according to Schulze
To establish credit unions or Bank Savings Credit is the way :
1 . Buy shares to become a member
2 . Raise capital from the junction that would give her money as capital
3 . Limit for short-term loans
4 . Establish work areas in urban
5 . Hire the managers
6 . Divide the profits to members
Herman Schulze developed suburban areas ( urban ) . Herman Schulze core principles are as follows :
1 . Non
2 . SHU for cadanan and for distribution to members
3 . The responsibility of members is limited
4 . Administrators work with get rewarded
5 . . Not limited effort not only to members
5 . According to the principle of ICA ( International Cooperative allience )
ICA ( International Cooperative Alliance ) established in 1895 is the highest organization of the cooperative movement in the world .
In Chapter IV of Law - Law NO . 12, 1967 to discuss the principle of joint and cooperative basis , where it was said that the cooperative principle is familial and kegotong - royongan , sednagkan the basic joints koperasdi of which included voluntary membership , distribution of net income is set according to the individual - each member , interest on capital restrictions and so on , which all this by ICA categorized as Cooperative Principles.
ICA Session in 1966 formulated the principle - the principle of cooperation , broken down as follows :
* Membership cooperative openly without any restriction made - for ( Open and voluntarily membership)
* Leadership that democracy on the basis of one person one vote ( Democratic control - one member one vote )
* Capital received bunag limited , and even then if there is ( Limited interest of capital )
* SHU divided into three :
1 ) Most of the backup
2 ) Most of the people
3 ) Some to be distributed back to the members in accordance with their services - each
* All cooperatives must implement continuous education ( Promotion of Education )
* The cooperative movement should carry out close cooperation , both at the regional , national , international maupu ( Intercooperative network )
6 . Principle according to Coady M.M
MM Coady develop cooperative form by conducting education to people who have grown up. Formal educational institutions that help develop the Koprasi is Coady International Institute in Canada .
7 . Principle - the principle of cooperative Indonesia
* According to the Act - Act 12 Yahun 1967
If seen from the history of legislation - Indonesian cooperatives invitation , since Indonesia's independence there were four laws - laws regarding cooperatives , namely :
1 ) Act - Act No. . 79 Know 1958 on cooperative societies
2 ) Act - Act No. . 14 of 1965
3 ) Act - Act No. . 12 of 1967 on the main points of cooperatives
4 ) Act - Act No. . 25 of 1992 on cooperatives
Principle - the principle or joints - joints cooperative basis under law - No. . 12, 1967, are as follows
1 . Its membership is voluntary and open to any citizen of Indonesia
2 . Member Meeting is the highest authority as a reflection of democracy in the cooperative
3 . SHU division is set according to individual services - each member
4 . Interest on capital restrictions
5 . Develop the welfare of its members in particular and society in general
6 . Businesses and ketatalaksanaannya is open
7 .Self ,swakarta , and self-sufficiency as a matter of basic principle of self -confidence
* According to the Act - Act No. . 25 of 1992
Principle - the principle according to law - No. . 1992 25 Article 5 and the current in Indonesia is the cooperative principle is as follows :
1 ) Membership is voluntary and open
2 ) The management is done in a democratic
3 ) The division of the balance of the ( SHU ) was fairly comparable to the size of their business services - each member ( the member's share of the cooperative )
4 ) provision of fringe benefits to the limited capital
5 ) Self-reliance
6 ) Education cooperative
7 ) Cooperation among cooperatives
Principle - the principle of cooperation and the nature of rochdale according to its original form :
1 . Democratic oversight ( Democratic Control )
2 . Membership is open ( open membership )
3 . Interest on capital is limited (a fixed or limited interest on capital )
4 . Distribution of net income ( SHU ) to members proportionate to the respective services - each member ( The distribution of surplus in dividends to the members in proportion to their purchases )
5 . Entirely with cash sales ( Trading strictly on a cash basis)
6 . Goods - goods sold must be genuine and not faked ( Selling only pure and Unadulterated goods)
7 . Neutral to politics and religion (Political and religious neutrality )
Principle - the Rochdale cooperative principles are the foundation further cooperative work :
1 . Purchase of goods for cash
2 . Selling price equal to the price of local market
3 . Good quality stuff , scales and correct size
4 . Payment of interest on capital is limited
5 . Profits divided by the number of purchases
6 . Part of the profits are used to reserve funds for education , and the social fund
7 . Membership is open to the public , neutral on religion and politics
3 . Principle according to Raiffeisen
Raiffeisen principles are as follows :
1 . Non
2 . Limited working area
3 . SHU for backup
4 . Responsibility is not limited to members
5 . Administrators to work on a voluntary basis
6 . Effort only to members
7 . Membership on the basis of character , not money
To the capital of Raiffeisen cultivate the owners of capital with very low interest . Grounding and ways of working adopted by FW Raiffeisen is :
1 . Farmers accustomed to saving
2 . Lack of oversight of the use of credit
3 . Membership is restricted to be between members can get to know each other and can work together well
4 . Management by the members and not be rewarded
5 .net profits belong together
Credit union operatives and Rural Basnk which became known as the Raiffeisen Bank .
4 . Principle according to Schulze
To establish credit unions or Bank Savings Credit is the way :
1 . Buy shares to become a member
2 . Raise capital from the junction that would give her money as capital
3 . Limit for short-term loans
4 . Establish work areas in urban
5 . Hire the managers
6 . Divide the profits to members
Herman Schulze developed suburban areas ( urban ) . Herman Schulze core principles are as follows :
1 . Non
2 . SHU for cadanan and for distribution to members
3 . The responsibility of members is limited
4 . Administrators work with get rewarded
5 . . Not limited effort not only to members
5 . According to the principle of ICA ( International Cooperative allience )
ICA ( International Cooperative Alliance ) established in 1895 is the highest organization of the cooperative movement in the world .
In Chapter IV of Law - Law NO . 12, 1967 to discuss the principle of joint and cooperative basis , where it was said that the cooperative principle is familial and kegotong - royongan , sednagkan the basic joints koperasdi of which included voluntary membership , distribution of net income is set according to the individual - each member , interest on capital restrictions and so on , which all this by ICA categorized as Cooperative Principles.
ICA Session in 1966 formulated the principle - the principle of cooperation , broken down as follows :
* Membership cooperative openly without any restriction made - for ( Open and voluntarily membership)
* Leadership that democracy on the basis of one person one vote ( Democratic control - one member one vote )
* Capital received bunag limited , and even then if there is ( Limited interest of capital )
* SHU divided into three :
1 ) Most of the backup
2 ) Most of the people
3 ) Some to be distributed back to the members in accordance with their services - each
* All cooperatives must implement continuous education ( Promotion of Education )
* The cooperative movement should carry out close cooperation , both at the regional , national , international maupu ( Intercooperative network )
6 . Principle according to Coady M.M
MM Coady develop cooperative form by conducting education to people who have grown up. Formal educational institutions that help develop the Koprasi is Coady International Institute in Canada .
7 . Principle - the principle of cooperative Indonesia
* According to the Act - Act 12 Yahun 1967
If seen from the history of legislation - Indonesian cooperatives invitation , since Indonesia's independence there were four laws - laws regarding cooperatives , namely :
1 ) Act - Act No. . 79 Know 1958 on cooperative societies
2 ) Act - Act No. . 14 of 1965
3 ) Act - Act No. . 12 of 1967 on the main points of cooperatives
4 ) Act - Act No. . 25 of 1992 on cooperatives
Principle - the principle or joints - joints cooperative basis under law - No. . 12, 1967, are as follows
1 . Its membership is voluntary and open to any citizen of Indonesia
2 . Member Meeting is the highest authority as a reflection of democracy in the cooperative
3 . SHU division is set according to individual services - each member
4 . Interest on capital restrictions
5 . Develop the welfare of its members in particular and society in general
6 . Businesses and ketatalaksanaannya is open
7 .Self ,swakarta , and self-sufficiency as a matter of basic principle of self -confidence
* According to the Act - Act No. . 25 of 1992
Principle - the principle according to law - No. . 1992 25 Article 5 and the current in Indonesia is the cooperative principle is as follows :
1 ) Membership is voluntary and open
2 ) The management is done in a democratic
3 ) The division of the balance of the ( SHU ) was fairly comparable to the size of their business services - each member ( the member's share of the cooperative )
4 ) provision of fringe benefits to the limited capital
5 ) Self-reliance
6 ) Education cooperative
7 ) Cooperation among cooperatives
Indonesian
Cooperatives elements :
• Cooperatives are enterprises ( Business Enterprise )
• Cooperative is a collection of individuals and corporate bodies or cooperative
• Indonesian Cooperatives cooperative work based on " cooperative principles "
• Cooperative Indonesia is the " People's Economic Movement "
• Indonesian Cooperatives " based on the principle of kinship "
COOPERATION AS A BUSINESS ENTITY
1 . UNDERSTANDING AGENCY
Business entity or enterprise is an organization that combines and organizes resources for tuuan manufacture or produce goods and services for sale .
2 . COOPERATION AS A BUSINESS ENTITY
Cooperatives are business entities ( Act No.25 of 1992 ) . As a business entity , the cooperative remain subject to the rules of the company and the economic principles that apply . With reference to the conception of systems that work in a business entity , the cooperative as a business entity also shall mean a combination of human , physical assets and non-physical , information , and technology .
The main characteristic that distinguishes cooperative with other business entities ( non- cooperative ) is a member positions . In Law. 25 of 1992 on cooperatives mentioned that , members of the cooperative is the owner and user services cooperatives .
3 . PURPOSE AND ITS VALUE
Prof. William F. Glueck (1984 ) , a leading management experts from the University of Gerogia in his strategy Manajemne And Busssines Policy , 2nd ed , defines its goal as a final result sought by the existence of the organization and its operations .
Furthermore ,Glueck explains 4 reasons why companies should have a purpose .
• Goals help define the organization in its environment
• Goals help coordinate decisions and decision-making
• provide norms for the purpose of assessing the achievements of the organization pelaksanaa
• The purpose is more obvious target than a mission statement .
In formulating corporate objectives , to consider the balance of interests of the various parties involved in the company , the company's goal is not limited to the fulfillment of such interests manajemnetaupun maximizing efficiency , but also should take into consideration the interests of owners , capital , workers , consumers , suppliers ( suppliers ) , environment , society , and government .
• Cooperatives are enterprises ( Business Enterprise )
• Cooperative is a collection of individuals and corporate bodies or cooperative
• Indonesian Cooperatives cooperative work based on " cooperative principles "
• Cooperative Indonesia is the " People's Economic Movement "
• Indonesian Cooperatives " based on the principle of kinship "
COOPERATION AS A BUSINESS ENTITY
1 . UNDERSTANDING AGENCY
Business entity or enterprise is an organization that combines and organizes resources for tuuan manufacture or produce goods and services for sale .
2 . COOPERATION AS A BUSINESS ENTITY
Cooperatives are business entities ( Act No.25 of 1992 ) . As a business entity , the cooperative remain subject to the rules of the company and the economic principles that apply . With reference to the conception of systems that work in a business entity , the cooperative as a business entity also shall mean a combination of human , physical assets and non-physical , information , and technology .
The main characteristic that distinguishes cooperative with other business entities ( non- cooperative ) is a member positions . In Law. 25 of 1992 on cooperatives mentioned that , members of the cooperative is the owner and user services cooperatives .
3 . PURPOSE AND ITS VALUE
Prof. William F. Glueck (1984 ) , a leading management experts from the University of Gerogia in his strategy Manajemne And Busssines Policy , 2nd ed , defines its goal as a final result sought by the existence of the organization and its operations .
Furthermore ,Glueck explains 4 reasons why companies should have a purpose .
• Goals help define the organization in its environment
• Goals help coordinate decisions and decision-making
• provide norms for the purpose of assessing the achievements of the organization pelaksanaa
• The purpose is more obvious target than a mission statement .
In formulating corporate objectives , to consider the balance of interests of the various parties involved in the company , the company's goal is not limited to the fulfillment of such interests manajemnetaupun maximizing efficiency , but also should take into consideration the interests of owners , capital , workers , consumers , suppliers ( suppliers ) , environment , society , and government .
Sumber web:
http://arievaldo.wordpress.com/2011/10/03/pengertian-tujuan-dan-prinsip-prinsip-koperasi/
